2021-2027 Global and Regional Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Industry Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version
Date: Aug-2021 | Id: MACRC-72397 | Geographical Scope: Global | Publisher: Mnemonics Research
The global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco market was valued at 74.75 Million USD in 2020 and will grow with a CAGR of 18.56% from 2020 to 2027, based on Mnemonics Research newly published report. The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact which will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America). Hookah (Shisha) tobacco (also known as waterpipe tobacco, maassel, shisha, narghile, or argileh) is smoked with a hookah (waterpipe). Hookah tobacco comes in different flavors, such as apple, mint, cherry, chocolate, coconut, licorice, cappuccino, and watermelon. The leading manufactures mainly are Nakhla, Godfrey Phillips India, Starbuzz, Eastern Tobacco and AL-WAHA. Nakhla is the largest manufacturer; its revenue of global market exceeds 9% in 2017. The next is Godfrey Phillips India and Starbuzz. There are mainly two type product of hookah tobacco market: Single Flavor and Mixed Flavor. Geographically, the global hookah tobacco market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America and Middle East &Africa. The Middle East & Africa held the largest share in the global market, its revenue of global market exceeds 69% in 2017. The next is Europe. By Market Verdors: Nakhla Godfrey Phillips India Starbuzz Eastern Tobacco AL-WAHA Mazaya AlFakherdr Al-Tawareg Tobacco Shiazo MujeebSons Fantasia Social Smoke AL RAYAN Hookah Cloud Tobacco Haze Tobacco Alchemisttobacco Fumari Dekang By Types: Single Flavor Mixed Flavor By Applications: Group Use Personal Use Key Indicators Analysed Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2016-2027 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the market’s competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors. Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2016-2027. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications. Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations. Opportunities and <b>Drivers:</b> Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry. Key Reasons to Purchase To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape. Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk. To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market. Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations. To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market. Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.
Chapter 1 Industry Overview 1.1 Definition 1.2 Assumptions 1.3 Research Scope 1.4 Market Analysis by Regions 1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2022-2027) 1.5 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 1.5.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 by Consumption Volume 1.5.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 by Value 1.5.3 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Price Trends Analysis from 2022 to 2027 1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Industry Impact Chapter 2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries 2.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco (Volume and Value) by Type 2.1.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Market Share by Type (2016-2021) 2.1.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021) 2.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco (Volume and Value) by Application 2.2.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Market Share by Application (2016-2021) 2.2.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Revenue and Market Share by Application (2016-2021) 2.3 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco (Volume and Value) by Regions 2.3.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2016-2021) 2.3.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2016-2021) Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis 3.1 Global Production Market Analysis 3.1.1 2016-2021 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis 3.1.2 2016-2021 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share 3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis 3.2.1 2016-2021 Regional Market Performance and Market Share 3.2.2 North America Market 3.2.3 East Asia Market 3.2.4 Europe Market 3.2.5 South Asia Market 3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market 3.2.7 Middle East Market 3.2.8 Africa Market 3.2.9 Oceania Market 3.2.10 South America Market 3.2.11 Rest of the World Market Chapter 4 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2016-2021) 4.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Regions (2016-2021) 4.2 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.3 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.4 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.5 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.6 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.7 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.8 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.9 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) 4.10 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021) Chapter 5 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 5.1 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 5.1.1 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 5.2 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 5.3 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 5.4 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 5.4.1 United States Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 5.4.2 Canada Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 5.4.3 Mexico Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 6 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 6.1 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 6.1.1 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 6.2 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 6.3 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 6.4 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 6.4.1 China Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 6.4.2 Japan Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 6.4.3 South Korea Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 7 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 7.1 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 7.1.1 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 7.2 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 7.3 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 7.4 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 7.4.1 Germany Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.2 UK Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.3 France Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.4 Italy Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.5 Russia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.6 Spain Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.7 Netherlands Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.8 Switzerland Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 7.4.9 Poland Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 8 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 8.1 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 8.1.1 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 8.2 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 8.3 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 8.4 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 8.4.1 India Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 8.4.2 Pakistan Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 8.4.3 Bangladesh Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 9 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 9.1 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 9.1.1 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 9.2 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 9.3 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 9.4 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 9.4.1 Indonesia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 9.4.2 Thailand Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 9.4.3 Singapore Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 9.4.4 Malaysia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 9.4.5 Philippines Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 9.4.6 Vietnam Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 9.4.7 Myanmar Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 10 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 10.1 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 10.1.1 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 10.2 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 10.3 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 10.4 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 10.4.1 Turkey Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.3 Iran Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.5 Israel Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.6 Iraq Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.7 Qatar Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.8 Kuwait Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 10.4.9 Oman Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 11 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 11.1 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 11.1.1 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 11.2 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 11.3 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 11.4 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 11.4.1 Nigeria Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 11.4.2 South Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 11.4.3 Egypt Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 11.4.4 Algeria Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 11.4.5 Morocco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 12 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 12.1 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 12.2 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 12.3 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 12.4 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption by Top Countries 12.4.1 Australia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 12.4.2 New Zealand Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 13 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Analysis 13.1 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption and Value Analysis 13.1.1 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Under COVID-19 13.2 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Types 13.3 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Structure by Application 13.4 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume by Major Countries 13.4.1 Brazil Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.2 Argentina Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.3 Columbia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.4 Chile Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.5 Venezuela Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.6 Peru Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.7 Puerto Rico Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 13.4.8 Ecuador Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021 Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Business 14.1 Nakhla 14.1.1 Nakhla Company Profile 14.1.2 Nakhla Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.1.3 Nakhla Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.2 Godfrey Phillips India 14.2.1 Godfrey Phillips India Company Profile 14.2.2 Godfrey Phillips India Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.2.3 Godfrey Phillips India Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.3 Starbuzz 14.3.1 Starbuzz Company Profile 14.3.2 Starbuzz Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.3.3 Starbuzz Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.4 Eastern Tobacco 14.4.1 Eastern Tobacco Company Profile 14.4.2 Eastern Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.4.3 Eastern Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.5 AL-WAHA 14.5.1 AL-WAHA Company Profile 14.5.2 AL-WAHA Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.5.3 AL-WAHA Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.6 Mazaya 14.6.1 Mazaya Company Profile 14.6.2 Mazaya Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.6.3 Mazaya Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.7 AlFakherdr 14.7.1 AlFakherdr Company Profile 14.7.2 AlFakherdr Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.7.3 AlFakherdr Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.8 Al-Tawareg Tobacco 14.8.1 Al-Tawareg Tobacco Company Profile 14.8.2 Al-Tawareg Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.8.3 Al-Tawareg Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.9 Shiazo 14.9.1 Shiazo Company Profile 14.9.2 Shiazo Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.9.3 Shiazo Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.10 MujeebSons 14.10.1 MujeebSons Company Profile 14.10.2 MujeebSons Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.10.3 MujeebSons Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.11 Fantasia 14.11.1 Fantasia Company Profile 14.11.2 Fantasia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.11.3 Fantasia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.12 Social Smoke 14.12.1 Social Smoke Company Profile 14.12.2 Social Smoke Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.12.3 Social Smoke Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.13 AL RAYAN Hookah 14.13.1 AL RAYAN Hookah Company Profile 14.13.2 AL RAYAN Hookah Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.13.3 AL RAYAN Hookah Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.14 Cloud Tobacco 14.14.1 Cloud Tobacco Company Profile 14.14.2 Cloud Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.14.3 Cloud Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.15 Haze Tobacco 14.15.1 Haze Tobacco Company Profile 14.15.2 Haze Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.15.3 Haze Tobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.16 Alchemisttobacco 14.16.1 Alchemisttobacco Company Profile 14.16.2 Alchemisttobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.16.3 Alchemisttobacco Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.17 Fumari 14.17.1 Fumari Company Profile 14.17.2 Fumari Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.17.3 Fumari Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 14.18 Dekang 14.18.1 Dekang Company Profile 14.18.2 Dekang Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Product Specification 14.18.3 Dekang Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Chapter 15 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Forecast (2022-2027) 15.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2022-2027) 15.1.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.1.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2022-2027) 15.2.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2022-2027) 15.2.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2022-2027) 15.2.3 North America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.4 East Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.5 Europe Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.6 South Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.7 Southeast Asia Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.8 Middle East Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.9 Africa Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.10 Oceania Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.2.11 South America Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) 15.3 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) 15.3.1 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Forecast by Type (2022-2027) 15.3.2 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) 15.3.3 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) 15.4 Global Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2022-2027) 15.5 Hookah (Shisha) Tobacco Market Forecast Under COVID-19 Chapter 16 Conclusions Research Methodology